Úrú and Séimhiú on Verbs
Úrú on verbs
The first letter of the verb is eclipsed:
Group 1: After the particles/conjunctions an, go, nach, cá, dá, mura, sula
| Samplaí Gaeilge | Aistriúcháin Béarla |
|---|---|
| An bhfuil tú go maith? | Are you well? |
| Abair liom go dtiocfaidh tú. | Tell me that you will come. |
| Nach gcloiseann tú mé? | Don't you hear me? |
| Cá n-itheann tú do chuid bia? | Where do you eat your food? |
| Dá n-imeodh sé, bheinn sásta. | If he left, I would be happy. |
| Mura bhfuil tú sásta leis sin, bíodh agat! | If you're not happy with that, so be it! |
| Críochnaigh an obair sula bhfága tú an teach! | Finish the work before you leave the house! |
NOTE: Do not eclipse the verb if it starts with a vowel after the particle an -> An ólann tú bainne? -> Do you drink milk?
Group 2: After the indirect relative particle a
| Samplaí Gaeilge | Aistriúcháin Béarla |
|---|---|
| An fear a bhfuil an t-airgead aige | The man who has the money |
| Cad faoi a mbíonn tú ag caint? | What are you talking about? |
| An fear a ndeachaigh a mhac go Sasana | The man whose son went to England |
| Cén áit a dtéann sí? | Where does she go? |
| Cén chaoi a bhfuil tú? | How are you? |
| Cén fáth a ndearnadh é sin? | Why was that done? |
| Fan mar a bhfuil tú! | Stay where you are! |
NOTE: This is the case with a (= all that) and dá (= de/do + a)
| Samplaí Gaeilge | Aistriúcháin Béarla |
|---|---|
| Sin a bhfaca mé an oíche sin | That is all that I saw that night. |
| An duine is cróga dá bhfuil ann | The bravest person there is |
Group 3: This is specific to the verb faigh. The aimsir chaite, aimsir fháistineach and modh coinníollach take an úrú after the negative particle ní.
| Samplaí Gaeilge | Aistriúcháin Béarla |
|---|---|
| Ní bhfaighidh sí | She won't get |
| Ní bhfaigheadh sé | He wouldn't get |
| Ní bhfuair mé | I didn't get |
Séimhiú on verbs
The first letter of the verb is lenited:
Group 1: In the independent forms of verbs in the aimsir chaite, aimsir ghnáthchaite and modh coinníollach
| Samplaí Gaeilge | Aistriúcháin Béarla |
|---|---|
| Chuir mé | I put |
| Chuirinn | I used to put |
| Chuirfinn | I would put |
EXCEPTIONS:
- All tenses of the verb abair
- The aimsir chaite of faigh
- The saorbriathar form of the aimsir chaite of a verb, except for bí, feic, clois/cluin, téigh, tar
Group 2: After the direct relative particle a and the following conjunctions (followed by the direct relative a) cad, ceard, cathain, cé, cén uair, conas, má, mar (= as, how), nuair, ó
| Samplaí Gaeilge | Aistriúcháin Béarla |
|---|---|
| Cad a cheapann tú? | What do you think? |
| Cathain a thiocfaidh sé? | When will he come? |
| Cé a dhéanann an obair? | Who does the work? |
| Cén uair a fhillidh sé? | What time will he return? |
| Conas a dhéanfaidh sé e? | How will he do it? |
| Má thagann sé in am | If he comes in time |
| Mar a thuigimid uilig | As we all understand |
| Nuair a fhágann sí an baile | When she leaves home |
| Ó cheapann tú é sin | Since you think that |
_EXCEPTIONS: _as with Group 1 above
Group 3: After the negative particle ní
| Samplaí Gaeilge | Aistriúcháin Béarla |
|---|---|
| Ní chuireann | Does not put |
| Ní chuirfidh | Will not put |
| Ní chuirfeadh | Would not put |
| Ní chuireadh | Used not to put |
EXCEPTIONS: with the verb abair, and with the aimsir chaite, fháistineach and modh coinníollach of faigh (use an úrú instead)
Group 4: After the particles níor, char, ar, gur, nár, cár, murar, sular and the indirect relative particle ar.